The history of eyeglasses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The history of eyeglasses - Essay Example Despite this early invention, Ilardi indicates that that reason it wasn’t believed that these lenses had been available at this earlier time period rests on a variety of science-related factors, including the late inventions of the telescope and the microscope and a general distrust of the distortions brought forward by the glass. He also presents the text of the documents that had been discovered which consist of a series of letters between Duke Francesco Sforza of Milan to his resident ambassador in Florence, Nicodemo Tranchedini da Pontremoli regarding eyeglasses in which the evidence exists for the wholesale use of these specialized lenses in correcting vision if not in science. Confusing the issue regarding the origin of the eyeglass, though, are reports in China of similar inventions coming to them earlier than the Italian invention. An article from 1936, Kaiming Chiu’s â€Å"The Introduction of Spectacles into China,† makes the claim that spectacles may have introduced into China as early as the twelfth century, coming in from Malacca â€Å"in the Western Regions.† According to the author, this date was derived by comparing the original documents and reviewing the probable date regarding when they were written given what is known about the life of the author. This also places spectacles in China at least a century earlier than had been determined based on readings of the Western texts, especially the texts coming out of Italy. A large part of the confusion resides in the several textual errors included in the base work, proven by further date comparisons between when a work was written and when the author lived. Through this analysis , the author concludes that while the majority of spectacles were probably introduced to China in the late 14th century as a result of trade with Western countries, there is evidence that at least one Chinese man owned a set

Information Technology Applications in Marketing Essay

Information Technology Applications in Marketing - Essay Example This is because digital media has numerous advantages like: search ability, speed, marketing interface and perhaps most importantly, data feedback. Digital media, therefore, transcends the constraints posed by physical media and incorporates the best of personal interactivity. More importantly, digital print has been known to reduce incremental cost of production, as well as, that of content acquisition and distribution. The reason why print media is dying is because every newspaper pays writers to acquire publishing content. This makes it difficult to compete with digital media, since the latter provides free content. In the past, printed media was the most influential platform for acquisition of information since there was no other basis of doing so. At the present time, numerous individuals have resorted to electronic media like websites, e-newspapers, and online television, among others. This has led to a huge drop in newspaper circulation for the past ten years. However, this do es not mean that print media is completely obsolete because up to today there are loyal readers that prefer to get news from newspapers and other print media (Reid, n.pag). This is a notion opposed by Josefowicz (n.pag)who insists that print media is bound to die owing to poor reception and increasing popularity of digital media at all societal levels. The principal sector likely to bear the brunt of print media deterioration is that will journalism. A journalist is forced to acquire distinctive information because the internet is a threat for print media. Despite the extensive efforts of acquiring information, it is made available to people who can easily access or even download it for free. For this reason, the print industry has to lower its cost in order to sustain competition in the news industry, and this will inevitably cause its failure and that of journalism. People have always paid for monthly subscriptions for newspaper or other print media like magazines. Currently, howe ver, individuals can acquire information free of charge from the internet, a principal predicament that is shaking the print media companies financially, because they do not have the capability to offer free information. However, as Josefowicz (n.pag) states, the internet is the big problem, but in some cases it can be utilized as a solution. Print media companies can earn revenue by borrowing the internet’s business model for increasing advertising. Nevertheless, print media is still effective and in some cases it holds a variety of advantages over digital media. For instance, print media offers tangibility, an element not available in digital media. This is crucial; magazines or newspapers can be preserved for future reference, while it is possible for internet advertisements or information to get lost into the cyber space under circumstances like virus attacks. Additionally, print media has credibility owing to its sense of legitimacy. This is due to the fact that informat ion is acquired by competent journalists, and is reviewed by editors before being unveiled to the public. This is unlike in digital media where virtually everyone can gain access to information and deliver it in a manner that lacks credibility. Content Marketing Content marketing refers to a promotion method of collecting as well as distributing

Processes in Producing a Chemical Reaction and Hazards

Processes in Producing a Chemical Reaction and Hazards Elephant Toothpaste Objective/aim Understand the processes involved in producing a chemical reaction Identify hazards involved with using particular chemicals Demonstrate an understanding of chemistry terms such as catalyst, oxidation, and exothermic (Harper Nickels, 2008). Background Information The elephant toothpaste experiment is an experiment that produces great amount of steaming foam (Helmenstine, 2014). Its great amount of foam is what makes it look like a toothpaste an elephant would use. The experiment makes use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution. Hydrogen peroxide is a germiadral agent composed of water and oxygen. It kills disease organisms, like ozone does, using oxidation. It kills microorganisms by oxidizing them which can be described as a â€Å"Controlled burning process† (Hinrichs, 1986). When hydrogen peroxide reacts with organic material, it breaks down into oxygen and water. It can be used in varies ways example, disinfection, mouthwash, hair lightening and contact lenses. In our bodies hydrogen peroxide is produced to fight infections, which must present for our immune systems to function correctly and healthy (Helmenstine, 2014). White blood cells are known as leukocytes, a sub-class of these cells ‘Neutrophils’ produces hydrogen peroxide as the first defence against toxins, parasites, bacteria, viruses and yeasts (Helmenstine, 2014). Hydrogen peroxide is most used in toothpastes and as a cure for toothaches. In this experiment we also use yeast or saturated potassium iodide solution as a catalyst to make the peroxide molecule release the oxygen faster (Harper Nickels, 2008). Yeast is a fungi which converts the catalase hydrogen peroxide into harmless water and oxygen (Spangler, 2013). The overall equation for this reaction is: 2 H2O2 (aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   2 H2O (l) + O2 (g) The decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen is catalysed by the iodine ion or dry yeast. It also releases a small amount of the heat so the reaction is exothermic. (Helmenstine, 2014) H2O2 (aq) + OI (aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   I (aq) + H2O (l) + O2 (g) The dishwashing detergent used captures oxygen as bubbles. Food colouring adds colour to the foam which can be optional. Chemicals and Materials You will need: 20mL Hydrogen peroxide (30%) 5mL Sodium iodide solution 2M Dishwashing liquid Food colouring Rubber gloves for clean up (Harper Nickels, 2008). Labware and apparatus A funnel Dropper Beaker 500 mL Graduated cylinder Safety goggles Plastic bottle (2l Cold drink bottle) Glass rob Spatula Safety Hazards: The bottle will become very hot. Allow the bottle to cool before touching it directly. Hydrogen peroxide is a very strong oxidizing agent and may cause severe skin burns. Store hydrogen peroxide in a cool, dark area away from reducing agent and organic materials. Do not lean over the bottle when solutions are mixed it is an exothermic reaction. Experiment should not be done near an open flame. The solution can be washed down the drain with excess water (Carolina.com., 2014). Experimental Procedure Put on your goggles and gloves. Have a couple of students feel the side of the graduated cylinder. Measure 60ml of hydrogen peroxide from your source bottle into the beaker. Pour the entire 60ml into the bottom of your container. Place 10g of potassium iodide in the plastic portion cup. Add 10ml of water and 3ml of liquid detergent. Stir all the chemicals together using a wooden stick. Open the bottle of food colouring mixed half and half with glycerine or corn syrup and exactly 2ml of the dye. Dribble it down one side of the container that you are using. Add the mixture of soap, water and potassium iodide to the hydrogen peroxide in the container. The potassium iodide will separate into potassium and iodide ions. Once the experiment is complete ask a couple of students to come up and carefully touch the sides of the bottle and describe the temperature for all the other students in the laboratory (Meerman, 2009). Outcome of experiment The experiment produces a large amount of foam as a result of the dishwashing detergent that was added. The foam shoots out of the container like toothpaste would if you squeezed the container. The foam produced is safe to play around with as they only contain soap and oxygen from the hydrogen peroxide. We will also observe the catalytic reaction rate by the combining of yeast, hydrogen peroxide and dish washing liquid detergent (Spangler, 2013). Source of experiment Steve Spangler Science. (2008). Elephants toothpaste. Retrieved October 30, 2008, from www.stevespanglerscience.com. Material safety Hydrogen Peroxide Personal Protective Equipments Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyewear or chemical safety goggles. Skin: Wear appropriate gloves to prevent skin exposure. Clothing: Wear appropriate clothing to prevent skin exposure. Potential Health Effects Eye:Contact with eyes can cause severe burns and corneal damage. Skin: Cause severe skin irritation and possible burns. May cause skin irritation, redness, swelling and formation of blisters. Ingestion: Causes Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, gastrointestinal tract burns. May cause difficulties in swallowing, stomach distension, possible cerebral swelling and death. Ingestion might also result in irritation of the esophagus, bleeding of the stomach and ulcer formation. Inhaling: Can cause burns in the respiratory tract causing nasal tissue, insomnia, nervous tremors with numb extremities, chemical pneumonia unconsciousness and death. At high concentration respiratory effects may cause acute lung damage and delayed pulmonary oedema. Chronic: Can cause dermatitis due to prolonged or repeated skin contact. Mutagenic effects and corneal damage if repeatedly contacted. First Aid Measures Eyes:Get medical aid immediately. Do not rub eyes or keep eyes closed. Extensive irrigation with water is required immediately. Skin:Get medical aid immediately. Flush skin with plently of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing. Wash clothing before reuse. Ingestion:Do not induce vomiting. Give 2-4 cups of milk or water, if unconscious don’t give anything, get medical aid immediately. Wash mouth out with water. Vomiting may occur, give water to further dilute the chemical. Inhalation:Get medical aid immediately. Move person to fresh air immediately. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Do not perform mouth to mouth. You can use a bag and a mask for artificial respiration if breathing ceases. Fire Measure Use only water, do not use dry chemicals or pour water into containers. Contact professional fire fighters immediately. Cool containers with flooding quantities if water until well after fire is out. For large fires, flood fire area with large quantities of water while knocking down vapours with water fog. Handling Wash hands thoroughly after handling. Wash contaminated clothes before reuse. Use only in a well ventilated area. Do not get in eyes, skin or on clothing. Store protected from light. Unused chemical must not be returned to the container. Storage Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. Do not store near combustible materials. Keep containers closed when not in use. Store away from light. Store only in light resistant containers fitted with a safety vent. Questions and Answers What type of reaction is this? Decomposition (1) What happen to the reaction when the iodine is drop into the hydrogen peroxide? There is a large amount of heat released and the hydrogen peroxide is decomposes in to water and oxygen. (2) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place between the hydrogen peroxide and the iodine. H2O2 (aq) + OI (aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   I (aq) + H2O (l) + O2 (g)(5) Which enzyme did we add to help break down hydrogen peroxide? Iodine (1) What is the gas that is being released? Oxygen (1) Reference list Helmenstine, A.M. (2014). Elephant toothpaste chemistry demonstration. Available: Chemistry.about.com/od/chemistrydemonstrations/a/elephant-tooth.htm. [Accessed: 28 August 2014 ]. Himrichs, E.J. (1987). Hospital periodontics a survey of hospital utilization by American academy of periodontology members. Journal of periodontology. 57(11), 663-671. Harper, A. and Nickels, K. (2008). Elephant’s toothpaste. University of technology: Queensland. Spangler, S. (2013). Elephant’s toothpaste. Available: www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/elephants-toothpaste. [Accessed: 28 August 2014 ]. Carolina.com. (2014). Carolina world class science and maths. Available: http://www.carolina.com/chemistry/experiments/elephant.asp. [Accessed: 27 August 2014]. Meerman, R. (2009). Teacher Demonstration 26: Elephant’s Toothpaste. Available: http://www.abc.net.au/science/surfingscientist/pdf/teachdemo26.pdf. [Accessed: 26 August 2014]. Elephant TootpastePage | 1

Stages Essay -- Essays Papers

Stages Richard Wright's Native Son provides us with an exemplary example of the way the black race was conditioned in the 1930's. He does this by telling us about an adult black male named Bigger Thomas. Wright titles each book in the novel the way he does to give insight into the various actions and feelings of Bigger. Book one is entitled Fear. It provides us with an explanation of why Bigger is afraid to do many things that he has a chance to do. Wright explains that Bigger is afraid because he is conditioned by white society to act this way. In Fear, Wright shows us that in actuality, Bigger is afraid to rob Blum's store. Bigger tries to mask his fear by implying that Gus is the one who is scared. They are shooting a game of pool when he asks Gus if he still wants to do the job. When Gus says no Bigger replies, "How come? You scared ‘cause he's a white man?" When Gus retaliates, Bigger tries to accuse Jack and G.H. He makes the statement, "Cause he's white, everybody's scared." Wright emphasizes bigger's fear again when he arrives at the Dalton's. Bigger is scared because he thinks that someone will believe that he is trying to rob or rape somebody. Bigger feels that he should have stayed among his own people in order to escape the feeling of fear that he has in his heart. On ce again Wright emphasizes the title. He does this when Jan and Mary ask Bigger to eat with them. Bigger stutterers, "I-I . . . . I don't want to go in." With this statement Bigger shows how much he fears the white race. In this book of Native Son Bigger proves that his heart is full of fear when he burns Mary's body to prevent anyone from blaming her so called "disappearance" on him. It is clear that Wright entitled book one Fear to emphasize why bigger's heart is full of fear and what he does to cope with this fear. Book two of Wright's Native Son is entitled Flight. Like Fear, Flight also has a specific meaning. Flight begins with Bigger at his home asleep. He leaps from bed with thoughts of how he killed Mary Dalton flooding his mind. He begins to think that he can do what he wants and not get caught. After killing Mary, bigger begins to thirst for more. When he returns to the Dalton's he wonders if he will have to kill Peggy. He thinks that she might accidentally see parts of Mary's body in the furnace. Bessie inadvertently gives him an i... ...ming, "You can't make me do nothing but die!" Bigger believes that he has no reason to live. After a long heart felt talk with Max, Bigger realizes that he really wants to live, not die. He sobs, "I don't want to die, I don't want to die." The trial is now over and his fate has been determined. "In Number 666-983, indictment for murder, the sentence, of the Court is that you, bigger Thomas, shall die on or before midnight of Friday, March third, in a manner prescribed by the laws of this state." It is clear to see that Wright entitled book three fate to emphasize the fact that Bigger's fate lies in the hands of the people that put such extreme amounts of fear into his heart. So, in conclusion, Richard Wright entitles each book in his novel Native Son for a specific reason. He gives book one the title Fear in order to provide insight into why bigger's heart is full of fear and how he copes with his fear. Wright titles book two Flight in order to emphasize how Bigger becomes hungry for more and what he does to satisfy this hunger. Book three is given the title of Fate to show that in fact, Bigger's fate lies in the hands of the people that caused him to kill in the first

Cross Border Mergers and Acquisitions in India Essay

The corporate sector all over the world is restructuring its operations through different types of consolidation strategies like mergers and acquisitions in order to face challenges posed by the new pattern of globalisation. The intensity of such operations is increasing with the de-regulation of various government policies as a facilitator of the neo-liberal economic regime. The intensity of cross-border operations recorded an unprecedented surge since the mid-1990s and the same trend continues. Earlier, foreign firms were satisfying their market expansion strategy through the setting up of wholly owned subsidiaries in overseas markets which has now become a ‘second best option since it involves much time and effort that may not suit to the changed global scenario, cross-border mergers and acquisitions became the ‘first-best option’ to the leaders and others depended on the follow-the-leader’ strategy. The Indian corporate sector too experienced such a boom in mergers and acquisitions that led restructuring strategies especially after liberalization, Four types of growth strategies adopted by the firms. Firms started with domestic production and began to export to the foreign markets, establishment of subsidiaries in overseas market was the next stage and as a fourth phase, firms started to acquire firms in foreign markets instead of establishing subsidiaries. The increasing magnitude of investment through cross-border mergers and acquisitions and its emergence as a major component of FDI even in the case of developing countries such as India, why firms are engaging in cross-border consolidations instead of establishing subsidiaries or to engage in export-oriented growth.

The Media And It s Impute On Body Image - 1850 Words

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New Public Management Essay - 2564 Words

New Public Management Public sector reforms adopted in a number of countries such as USA, UK and New Zealand in the last fifteen years and characterised by efficiency units, performance management, contracting out, market type mechanisms, and agency status have come to be known as the New Public Management or NPM. Appearance of the NPM as shifting the paradigm from the old traditional model of administration has been promoted by a remarkable degree of consensus among the political leadership of various countries and is presented today as the major tool for public sector management reforms. The elements of NPM have been implemented in diverse forms in different countries depending on their historical nature of bureaucracy and public†¦show more content†¦THE NEW ZEALAND MODEL OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT The proponents of the New Public Management have often identified New Zealand as a good example of this contemporary mode of administrative reform called NPM. 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