Processes in Producing a Chemical Reaction and Hazards

Processes in Producing a Chemical Reaction and Hazards Elephant Toothpaste Objective/aim Understand the processes involved in producing a chemical reaction Identify hazards involved with using particular chemicals Demonstrate an understanding of chemistry terms such as catalyst, oxidation, and exothermic (Harper Nickels, 2008). Background Information The elephant toothpaste experiment is an experiment that produces great amount of steaming foam (Helmenstine, 2014). Its great amount of foam is what makes it look like a toothpaste an elephant would use. The experiment makes use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution. Hydrogen peroxide is a germiadral agent composed of water and oxygen. It kills disease organisms, like ozone does, using oxidation. It kills microorganisms by oxidizing them which can be described as a â€Å"Controlled burning process† (Hinrichs, 1986). When hydrogen peroxide reacts with organic material, it breaks down into oxygen and water. It can be used in varies ways example, disinfection, mouthwash, hair lightening and contact lenses. In our bodies hydrogen peroxide is produced to fight infections, which must present for our immune systems to function correctly and healthy (Helmenstine, 2014). White blood cells are known as leukocytes, a sub-class of these cells ‘Neutrophils’ produces hydrogen peroxide as the first defence against toxins, parasites, bacteria, viruses and yeasts (Helmenstine, 2014). Hydrogen peroxide is most used in toothpastes and as a cure for toothaches. In this experiment we also use yeast or saturated potassium iodide solution as a catalyst to make the peroxide molecule release the oxygen faster (Harper Nickels, 2008). Yeast is a fungi which converts the catalase hydrogen peroxide into harmless water and oxygen (Spangler, 2013). The overall equation for this reaction is: 2 H2O2 (aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   2 H2O (l) + O2 (g) The decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen is catalysed by the iodine ion or dry yeast. It also releases a small amount of the heat so the reaction is exothermic. (Helmenstine, 2014) H2O2 (aq) + OI (aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   I (aq) + H2O (l) + O2 (g) The dishwashing detergent used captures oxygen as bubbles. Food colouring adds colour to the foam which can be optional. Chemicals and Materials You will need: 20mL Hydrogen peroxide (30%) 5mL Sodium iodide solution 2M Dishwashing liquid Food colouring Rubber gloves for clean up (Harper Nickels, 2008). Labware and apparatus A funnel Dropper Beaker 500 mL Graduated cylinder Safety goggles Plastic bottle (2l Cold drink bottle) Glass rob Spatula Safety Hazards: The bottle will become very hot. Allow the bottle to cool before touching it directly. Hydrogen peroxide is a very strong oxidizing agent and may cause severe skin burns. Store hydrogen peroxide in a cool, dark area away from reducing agent and organic materials. Do not lean over the bottle when solutions are mixed it is an exothermic reaction. Experiment should not be done near an open flame. The solution can be washed down the drain with excess water (Carolina.com., 2014). Experimental Procedure Put on your goggles and gloves. Have a couple of students feel the side of the graduated cylinder. Measure 60ml of hydrogen peroxide from your source bottle into the beaker. Pour the entire 60ml into the bottom of your container. Place 10g of potassium iodide in the plastic portion cup. Add 10ml of water and 3ml of liquid detergent. Stir all the chemicals together using a wooden stick. Open the bottle of food colouring mixed half and half with glycerine or corn syrup and exactly 2ml of the dye. Dribble it down one side of the container that you are using. Add the mixture of soap, water and potassium iodide to the hydrogen peroxide in the container. The potassium iodide will separate into potassium and iodide ions. Once the experiment is complete ask a couple of students to come up and carefully touch the sides of the bottle and describe the temperature for all the other students in the laboratory (Meerman, 2009). Outcome of experiment The experiment produces a large amount of foam as a result of the dishwashing detergent that was added. The foam shoots out of the container like toothpaste would if you squeezed the container. The foam produced is safe to play around with as they only contain soap and oxygen from the hydrogen peroxide. We will also observe the catalytic reaction rate by the combining of yeast, hydrogen peroxide and dish washing liquid detergent (Spangler, 2013). Source of experiment Steve Spangler Science. (2008). Elephants toothpaste. Retrieved October 30, 2008, from www.stevespanglerscience.com. Material safety Hydrogen Peroxide Personal Protective Equipments Eyes: Wear appropriate protective eyewear or chemical safety goggles. Skin: Wear appropriate gloves to prevent skin exposure. Clothing: Wear appropriate clothing to prevent skin exposure. Potential Health Effects Eye:Contact with eyes can cause severe burns and corneal damage. Skin: Cause severe skin irritation and possible burns. May cause skin irritation, redness, swelling and formation of blisters. Ingestion: Causes Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, gastrointestinal tract burns. May cause difficulties in swallowing, stomach distension, possible cerebral swelling and death. Ingestion might also result in irritation of the esophagus, bleeding of the stomach and ulcer formation. Inhaling: Can cause burns in the respiratory tract causing nasal tissue, insomnia, nervous tremors with numb extremities, chemical pneumonia unconsciousness and death. At high concentration respiratory effects may cause acute lung damage and delayed pulmonary oedema. Chronic: Can cause dermatitis due to prolonged or repeated skin contact. Mutagenic effects and corneal damage if repeatedly contacted. First Aid Measures Eyes:Get medical aid immediately. Do not rub eyes or keep eyes closed. Extensive irrigation with water is required immediately. Skin:Get medical aid immediately. Flush skin with plently of water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing. Wash clothing before reuse. Ingestion:Do not induce vomiting. Give 2-4 cups of milk or water, if unconscious don’t give anything, get medical aid immediately. Wash mouth out with water. Vomiting may occur, give water to further dilute the chemical. Inhalation:Get medical aid immediately. Move person to fresh air immediately. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Do not perform mouth to mouth. You can use a bag and a mask for artificial respiration if breathing ceases. Fire Measure Use only water, do not use dry chemicals or pour water into containers. Contact professional fire fighters immediately. Cool containers with flooding quantities if water until well after fire is out. For large fires, flood fire area with large quantities of water while knocking down vapours with water fog. Handling Wash hands thoroughly after handling. Wash contaminated clothes before reuse. Use only in a well ventilated area. Do not get in eyes, skin or on clothing. Store protected from light. Unused chemical must not be returned to the container. Storage Keep away from heat, sparks and flame. Do not store near combustible materials. Keep containers closed when not in use. Store away from light. Store only in light resistant containers fitted with a safety vent. Questions and Answers What type of reaction is this? Decomposition (1) What happen to the reaction when the iodine is drop into the hydrogen peroxide? There is a large amount of heat released and the hydrogen peroxide is decomposes in to water and oxygen. (2) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place between the hydrogen peroxide and the iodine. H2O2 (aq) + OI (aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   I (aq) + H2O (l) + O2 (g)(5) Which enzyme did we add to help break down hydrogen peroxide? Iodine (1) What is the gas that is being released? Oxygen (1) Reference list Helmenstine, A.M. (2014). Elephant toothpaste chemistry demonstration. Available: Chemistry.about.com/od/chemistrydemonstrations/a/elephant-tooth.htm. [Accessed: 28 August 2014 ]. Himrichs, E.J. (1987). Hospital periodontics a survey of hospital utilization by American academy of periodontology members. Journal of periodontology. 57(11), 663-671. Harper, A. and Nickels, K. (2008). Elephant’s toothpaste. University of technology: Queensland. Spangler, S. (2013). Elephant’s toothpaste. Available: www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/elephants-toothpaste. [Accessed: 28 August 2014 ]. Carolina.com. (2014). Carolina world class science and maths. Available: http://www.carolina.com/chemistry/experiments/elephant.asp. [Accessed: 27 August 2014]. Meerman, R. (2009). Teacher Demonstration 26: Elephant’s Toothpaste. Available: http://www.abc.net.au/science/surfingscientist/pdf/teachdemo26.pdf. [Accessed: 26 August 2014]. Elephant TootpastePage | 1

Stages Essay -- Essays Papers

Stages Richard Wright's Native Son provides us with an exemplary example of the way the black race was conditioned in the 1930's. He does this by telling us about an adult black male named Bigger Thomas. Wright titles each book in the novel the way he does to give insight into the various actions and feelings of Bigger. Book one is entitled Fear. It provides us with an explanation of why Bigger is afraid to do many things that he has a chance to do. Wright explains that Bigger is afraid because he is conditioned by white society to act this way. In Fear, Wright shows us that in actuality, Bigger is afraid to rob Blum's store. Bigger tries to mask his fear by implying that Gus is the one who is scared. They are shooting a game of pool when he asks Gus if he still wants to do the job. When Gus says no Bigger replies, "How come? You scared ‘cause he's a white man?" When Gus retaliates, Bigger tries to accuse Jack and G.H. He makes the statement, "Cause he's white, everybody's scared." Wright emphasizes bigger's fear again when he arrives at the Dalton's. Bigger is scared because he thinks that someone will believe that he is trying to rob or rape somebody. Bigger feels that he should have stayed among his own people in order to escape the feeling of fear that he has in his heart. On ce again Wright emphasizes the title. He does this when Jan and Mary ask Bigger to eat with them. Bigger stutterers, "I-I . . . . I don't want to go in." With this statement Bigger shows how much he fears the white race. In this book of Native Son Bigger proves that his heart is full of fear when he burns Mary's body to prevent anyone from blaming her so called "disappearance" on him. It is clear that Wright entitled book one Fear to emphasize why bigger's heart is full of fear and what he does to cope with this fear. Book two of Wright's Native Son is entitled Flight. Like Fear, Flight also has a specific meaning. Flight begins with Bigger at his home asleep. He leaps from bed with thoughts of how he killed Mary Dalton flooding his mind. He begins to think that he can do what he wants and not get caught. After killing Mary, bigger begins to thirst for more. When he returns to the Dalton's he wonders if he will have to kill Peggy. He thinks that she might accidentally see parts of Mary's body in the furnace. Bessie inadvertently gives him an i... ...ming, "You can't make me do nothing but die!" Bigger believes that he has no reason to live. After a long heart felt talk with Max, Bigger realizes that he really wants to live, not die. He sobs, "I don't want to die, I don't want to die." The trial is now over and his fate has been determined. "In Number 666-983, indictment for murder, the sentence, of the Court is that you, bigger Thomas, shall die on or before midnight of Friday, March third, in a manner prescribed by the laws of this state." It is clear to see that Wright entitled book three fate to emphasize the fact that Bigger's fate lies in the hands of the people that put such extreme amounts of fear into his heart. So, in conclusion, Richard Wright entitles each book in his novel Native Son for a specific reason. He gives book one the title Fear in order to provide insight into why bigger's heart is full of fear and how he copes with his fear. Wright titles book two Flight in order to emphasize how Bigger becomes hungry for more and what he does to satisfy this hunger. Book three is given the title of Fate to show that in fact, Bigger's fate lies in the hands of the people that caused him to kill in the first

Cross Border Mergers and Acquisitions in India Essay

The corporate sector all over the world is restructuring its operations through different types of consolidation strategies like mergers and acquisitions in order to face challenges posed by the new pattern of globalisation. The intensity of such operations is increasing with the de-regulation of various government policies as a facilitator of the neo-liberal economic regime. The intensity of cross-border operations recorded an unprecedented surge since the mid-1990s and the same trend continues. Earlier, foreign firms were satisfying their market expansion strategy through the setting up of wholly owned subsidiaries in overseas markets which has now become a ‘second best option since it involves much time and effort that may not suit to the changed global scenario, cross-border mergers and acquisitions became the ‘first-best option’ to the leaders and others depended on the follow-the-leader’ strategy. The Indian corporate sector too experienced such a boom in mergers and acquisitions that led restructuring strategies especially after liberalization, Four types of growth strategies adopted by the firms. Firms started with domestic production and began to export to the foreign markets, establishment of subsidiaries in overseas market was the next stage and as a fourth phase, firms started to acquire firms in foreign markets instead of establishing subsidiaries. The increasing magnitude of investment through cross-border mergers and acquisitions and its emergence as a major component of FDI even in the case of developing countries such as India, why firms are engaging in cross-border consolidations instead of establishing subsidiaries or to engage in export-oriented growth.

The Media And It s Impute On Body Image - 1850 Words

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New Public Management Essay - 2564 Words

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African Music of the Rastafari, the Rasta Community, the...

African Music of the Rastafari, the Rasta Community, the Dreads Nyabinghi music played at Rastafarian grounations, which includes drumming of at least three hand drums, chanting, dancing, spiritual use of the holy herb, and praise to Jah Rastafari, are considered the most important and inspirational meeting of Rastafari. The term nyabinghi is said to have come from a religious, spiritual, and political movement in East Africa beginning in the 1850’s until the 1950 led by a series of spiritually influential women and focused on military actions against white imperialists and colonialists. It is thought that the term was a women-centered popular movement in Uganda that led the resistance against European settlers who were†¦show more content†¦During the Dreadlocks era, Rastafarians would dance nyabinghi to bring death to oppressors, and today, these dances are purely ceremonial celebrations which last several days. 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Political Science UMUC

Question: The research paper using your skills of analysis and critical thinking in political science is a standard UMUC requirement? Answer: Thesis Statement The title of the research is How Kuwait is a danger to world peace. The relationship between the two countries (Iraq and Kuwait) has been through many highs and lows which are mainly driven by their national interests. Kuwait has always seen Iraq as a political heavyweight and when in 1980 a war broke between Iran and Iraq, Kuwait chooses to be on a neutral stance. But all efforts to mediate and reach a settlement were in vain and Kuwait was targeted with missiles which ominously threatened the stability and security of the country. Kuwait grew suspicious of Iran and announced its material, moral and political support to Iraq which resulted in direct tensions between Kuwait and Iran. The situation of support and friendship between Iraq and Kuwait however changed in 1990 when Iraq invaded Kuwait. Even after a decade later the tensions between the two countries are plagued with increasing levels of religious militarism and sectarianism. Many statements regarding astounding success of p eaceful talks between the two countries are spreading recently but even after that there is a constant absence of confidence as Kuwait is fearful of Iraq post the invasion in 1990. Issues like Iraq asking Kuwait for compensation are just adding to the tensions that already exist between the two countries. Country Governance In the 1990s Kuwait was being ruled by Emirate which is a similar to sultanate or monarchy. It is a government in which Emir has the supreme power. He is the ruler of the state. He may be a sovereign or an absolute overload with limited powers. Kuwait was invaded by Iraq on 2nd August, 1990 and then the monarchy that was ruling the country was deposed. In their place a puppet ruler with the name Alaa Hussein Ali was appointed as the head of the new Provisional Government of Free Kuwait. The Emirate of Kuwait along with a major portion of the army was annexed. The ruling family was the Al Sabah family. Even after months of tensions between the two countries the Kuwait government was not alert and were caught unaware of the attack. The Dasman palace was attacked by the Iraqi troops but the Emir of Kuwait named Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah had fled the country with his family. Iraq was being ruled by Saddam Hussein who was a dictator. Dictatorship is a form of government in which a small clique or ruler holds the solemn and absolute power. His powers are not limited by laws or constitution. He made spurious claims on the Kuwaiti land. Many claim that he had made a decision to invade Kuwait months prior to the actual invasion and accusation of the slant drilling. After the Iran-Iraq war, Iraq was under an international debt of 80 billion US dollars. Along with that Iraq had a 14 billion dollar individual debt from Kuwait. Saddam Hussein asked the UN to dismiss the debts as in he said that Iraq had prevented the Arab countries from an imminent Iranian invasion. (Pollack, 2002)But neither Kuwait nor the UN supported Iraq, this fueled the invasion of Kuwait as Iraq was not in a condition to repay any of its debts. Many believe that the invasion was motivated by the fact that Iraq wanted to claim the oil reserves of Kuwait. Saddam Hussein later tried to justify the invasion by claiming that Kuwait was a part of Iraq that was carved off by the British imperialism. (Gause, 2005) Type Of Governance In Iraq In 2015 The governance type in Iraq at present is Parliamentary democracy. It is a multi party system where the executive power is held by the Prime Minister who is the head of the government. The President has a council of representatives and holds the legislative power. The chief of state or the current President of the country is President Fuad Masum.The present Prime Minister of Iraq is Haider al-Abadi who is the executive authority and has appointed a council of ministers who acts as the government or cabinet. The local government is based on subdivisions of governorates and regions. Both governorates and regions are given additional power and are given broad autonomy. The additional powers such as internal security forces including guards, police and security forces are provided to the regions and governorates. But recent research has proven that the Iraqi government is one of the most corrupt Governments in the Entire Middle East. (Gregory, 2004) The type of governance in Kuwait at present is a constitutional one with a parliamentary system. The chief of state is Sabah al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah and the prince is Nawafal-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah. The head of the government is the Prime Minister who is Jabir Al-Mubarak al-Hamad al-Sabah. The Emir is a position that is held by people from a same family as it is a hereditary position. It is the Emir who appoints the Prime Ministers and other ministers. Over the past few years in Kuwait there is an increasing presence of oppositions with many street protests against the ruling family being held by young people. Many claim that Kuwait has a dysfunctional politics that is coming to its end as it may not even survive till its term ends. There is factionalism that is within the ruling family that is blamed for the confrontations. People blame the Emir and the ruling family as the government is formed by ministers that are from the same family with only a few new additions every now an d then. (Herb, 1999)They are chosen on the basis of pleasing the key alliances and the current parliament. The opposition whereas consists of activists Salafis, Tribal populists, some leftists and youth movements which have been plagued with the erratic decision making and internal divisions. The ruling government is being benefitted by this internal strife and has always encouraged defections. The desire for stability by the citizens is also benefitting the government as many citizens fear of consequences like Syria, Libya and Egypt. Still the divided and weakened opposition has not collapsed yet. They regularly call for constitutional amendments that many Kuwaitis are not ready or prepared to follow. Country Capabilities Iraq The sectarian rivalry along with the conflict that is going on at present in Iraq has made it a regional crisis that has many global implications. Shia and Sunni populations are quarrelling from the past few years. But with the rapid advance of ISIS that is a Sunni Muslim Militant group has completely changed the power balance in the country. (Curwin, 2014) This group is not only threatening the integrity and security of Iraq but on a wider prospect threatening many other countries on a global level. It is an emerging humanitarian crisis as Iraq is heading in the same direction as Syria if the international community takes no action. The conflicts are not localized as many extremists from North America, Europe and Eurasia are flooding the conflict affected areas to support ISIS. This is a security crisis as these individuals are then bringing the skills acquired through these conflict zones to their origin country. These extremists are being trained by ISIS commandos to spread terror in their origin country. The situation is highly uncertain as it is complex and volatile and any outcomes which occur can lead to loss of human lives and investment. Some of the commercial implications are that the environment and living conditions will deteriorate not only in Iraq but in Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iran and Jordan. The arms industry that has its ties globally into many developed countries like US will receive a boost in their sales with weapons like automatic rifles and drones. These weapons of destruction can be used against anyone irrespective of their origin and country of residence. The capital use will detract from growth and will be subjected towards fighting these forces. Intra regional trade, tourism, remittances and investment jobs will be adversely affected. Energy prices will increase as a major portion of the worlds supply of oil is coming from Iraq. The increase in violence and destruction is causing the severe constraint on commercial activity in Iraq. Tourists and migrant labour flow has decreased not only in Iraq but even in neighbouring countries like Lebanon and Jordon. Many countries that have strong ties with Iraq are experiencing fall in oppurtunities of profits and cash flow. On a global level the increasing oil prices are a major concern and with the present situation we can expect a Iraq premium to be added soon. Due to the present disruption and attacks from ISIS on refineries are causing oil shortage locally. There is a constant shortage of electricity, heating oil and petrol. This civil war is costing Iraq as well as others countries. Kuwait Kuwait as country is dependent on the export of the petroleum products and oil for the stabilization of its economy. Kuwait is the second smallest OPEC country but it is the 10th largest producer of petroleum products. But recently due to diminishing foreign investment and delays in many projects the country has struggled to boost its supply. There is a ban on the foreign ownership of its revenues or resources but the government is trying to increase foreign participation through service and technical contracts. The majority of the crude oil that the country produces is exported to the Asian markets. The country is taking steps to establish itself as a regional center for excellence in areas of trade, finance and energy. The government is supporting social programs and projects to streamline global trade and infrastructure projects. It is not all about growth in Kuwait as recently the country has been a topic of discussion in the international forum due to its relationship to the ter ror funding of many groups. Many believe that Qatar economic and military help to many of the Syrian and Iraq terror groups are the reason of the heightened terror presence. Gerald Mueller a German development minister accused Qatar of funding ISIS. There are no present evidences suggesting that ISIS or any other terror group is getting funding from Qatar but many of the powerful individuals of the country have a soft corner for the terrorists. According to a wikileaks document Qatar has the worst record when it comes to counter terrorism cooperation with the United States of America. Qatar is being complicit on the rise of Jihadi groups. Kuwait is being continuosly accused of funding terror groups and torturing, beating and curtailing the rights of its citizens. They openly refuse to ban Revival of Islamic Heritage Society that is a charity set up by a Al-Qaida bankroller. Many high profile Kuwaitis openly support and finance terror groups like Al Nusra. The crimes relating to huma n rights are also in news from Kuwait where people are beheaded for crimes like sorcery. At one end where the Saudi Arab countries are giving 100 million to the UN program for anti terror whereas on the other hand Saudi donors are at the top for funding Sunni terror groups worldwide. Conclusion As a political scientist in my opinion Kuwait poses an international threat to US as they are up to their necks in complicity with terror groups and terrorism as a whole. Qatar has surfaced out as the hub for terror funding but even after the increasing international pressure the generous supporters of these terrorists are not stopping. This small oil state is channeling huge amounts of money that is laundered and disguised a humanitarian charity. It is the financial Mecca for the Sunni terror groups. These groups like ISIS are posing a threat to not only US but the entire world and they are getting their power from Kuwait. Many like Soren Esperson who is the speaker for Danish People party accuses Qatar to officially support the Islamic state. The US treasury department has regularly published documents showing transactions between Qatar and the terrorists. These terror groups are then using this money to train foreign terrorists in Turkey and Syria. They are then sent back to their origin country to spread terror. Qatar is openly supporting this so called holy war as they supply arms as well as financial aid to these terror groups. 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