Brief History of Tajikistan free essay sample

The Tajik individuals went under Russian guideline in the 1860. Tajikistan turned into a self-ruling Soviet communist republic inside Uzbekistan in 1924; Basmachi opposition in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917 was suppressed in 1925, and Tajikistan got one of the segment Soviet communist republics in 1929 called Tadzhik SSR from 1936 to 1991. Tajikistan picked up freedom in 1991, and has encountered three changes in government and a common war from that point forward. A harmony understanding among rival groups was marked in 1997 however its execution has advanced gradually. Pre-Islamic Period (600 BCâ€AD 651) Tajikistan was a piece of the Bactria-Margiana Archeological Complex in the Bronze Age, possibility for Proto-Indo-Iranian or Proto-Iranian culture. Tajikistan was a piece of Scythia in Classical Antiquity. The majority of current Tajikstan had shaped pieces of old Kamboja and Parama Kamboja realms, which discover references in the old Indian stories like the Mahabharata. Semantic proof, joined with antiquated abstract and inscriptional proof has driven numerous prominent Indologists to reason that old Kambojas (an Avestan speaking Iranain clan) initially had a place with the Ghalcha-talking zone of Central Asia. We will compose a custom exposition test on Brief History of Tajikistan or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Achariya Yasakas Nirukta [1] (seventh c BCE) bears witness to that action word Savati in the sense to go was utilized by just the Kambojas. It has been demonstrated that the cutting edge Ghalcha tongues, Valkhi, Shigali, Sriqoli, Jebaka (likewise called Sanglichi or Ishkashim), Munjani, Yidga and Yagnobi, chiefly spoken in Pamirs and nations on the headwaters of the Oxus, despite everything use terms got from antiquated Kamboja Savati in the sense to go [2]. The Yagnobi tongue spoken in Yagnobi area around the headwaters of Zeravshan valley in Sogdiana, likewise still contains a relic Su from antiquated Kamboja Savati in the sense to go [3]. Further, Sir G Grierson says that the discourse of Badakshan was a Ghalcha till around three centuries prior when it was displaced by a type of Persian [4]. Therefore, the old Kamboja, most likely incorporated the Badakshan, Pamirs and northern regions incorporating Yagnobi territory in the doab of the Oxus and Jaxartes [5]. On the east it was limited generally by Yarkand and additionally Kashgar, on the west by Bahlika (Uttaramadra), on the northwest by Sogdiana, on the north by Uttarakuru, on the southeast by Darada, and on the south by Gandhara. Various Indologists find unique Kamboja in Pamirs and Badakshan and the Parama Kamboja further north, in the Trans-Pamirian regions involving Zeravshan valley, north up portions of Sogdhiana/Farganain the Sakadvipa or Scythia of the traditional authors [6]. Along these lines, in the pre-Buddhist occasions (seventh/sixth c BCE), the pieces of present day Tajikstan including domains to the extent Zeravshan valley in Sogdiana shaped pieces of old Kamboja and the Parama Kamboja realms when it was controlled by Iranian Kambojas till it turned out to be a piece of Achaemenid Empire. Sogdiana, Bactria, Merv and Khorezm were the four head divisions of Ancient Central Asia occupied by the predecessors of the present-day Tajiks. Tajiks are currently discovered uniquely in notable Bactria and Sogdiana. Merv is occupied by the Turkoman and Khorezm by Karakalpaks, Uzbeks and Kazakhs. The Sogdians were well known for being tall, gigantic, and of a reasonable shading, conceivably taking after the Scythians. Among them Bactria and Khorezm were realms during various time of history dissimilar to Sogdiana and Merv which were land areas and vassals of various realms. Sogdiana was comprised of the Zeravshan and Kashka-Darya waterway valleys. At present, One of the enduring people groups of Sogdiana who talk a tongue of the Sogdian language are the Yaghnobis and Shugnanis who live in the Northern locale of Tajikistan around the Zeravshan valley. Bactria was situated in northern Afghanistan (present-day Afghan Turkestan) between the mountain scope of the Hindu Kush and the Amu Darya (Oxus) River and a few territories of flow south Tajikistan. During various periods, Bactria was a focal point of different Kingdoms or Empires, and is presumably where Zoroastrianism started. The Avestathe sacred book of Zoroastrianismwas written in the old-Bactrian lingo; it is likewise felt that Zoroaster was in all probability conceived in Bactria. Khorezm was an amazing Kingdom during certain times of its history, and is found south-east of the Aral Sea in what archeological revelations demonstrated used to be an exceptionally fruitful zone. Merv is situated in the Amu-Darya bowl south of Khorezm. Achaemenid Period (550 BCâ€329 BC) During the Achaemenid time frame, Sogdiana was one of the regions of the Persian realm. Among the urban areas of Tajikistan, Panjakent and Istarawshan are established in that period. Greek Period (329 BCâ€90 BC) For additional subtleties on this point, see Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. Guide of Alexanders domain. Guide of Alexanders realm. After the Persian Empire was vanquished by Alexander the Great, Bactria, Sogdiana and Merv, being a piece of Persian Empire, needed to protect themselves from new trespassers. Truth be told, the Macedonians confronted solid opposition under the authority of Sogdian ruler Spitamenes. Alexander the Great figured out how to wed Roxana, the little girl of a neighborhood ruler, and acquired his territory. Following Alexanders brief occupation, the Hellenistic replacement conditions of the Seleucids and Greco-Bactrians controlled the zone for an additional 200 years in what is known as the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. During the timeframe from 90 BC to 30 BC, the Eastern Scythians decimated the last Hellenistic replacement states and, along with the Tocharians, (to whom they were firmly related) made a Kushan Empire around 30 AD. [edit] Kushan Empire (30 BCâ€AD 410) For an additional 400 years, until AD 410, the Kushan Empire was a significant force in the area alongside the Roman Empire, the Parthian Empire and the Han Empire (China). Eminent contact was made with nearby people groups when the emissaries of the Han Dynasty traveled to this region in the second century BC. Toward the finish of the Kushan time frame, the Empire turned out to be a lot littler and would need to protect itself from the incredible Sassanid Empire that supplanted the Parthian Empire. The renowned Kushan Shah Kanishka advanced Buddhism and during this ime Buddhism was sent out from Central Asia to China. [edit] The Hephthalites (AD 410â€565) The Hephthalites are viewed as another Scythian-related clan in spite of the fact that there is contention about their name (which means White Hun) which regularly alludes to Mongolian-Turkish trespassers. As later archeologists found, there are numerous elements that demonstrated that Hephthalites were a lot of numerous clans w ith various causes. That implies they were Turks, Mongols and some lesser scythian clans that were turkizised (for the most part by language). Their language was a Turkish vernacular. In Bactria, their authoritative language was the bactrian language. The Hephthalites were devastated in 565 AD by a blend of Sassanid and Kok-Turk powers. [edit] Gokturk Rule (565â€658) The beginning of the Gokturks is questionable, yet it appears to be likely that they had lived toward the South of the Altai Mountains until the year 542 AD. Chinese sources propose that they were slid from the Huns and situated toward the North of them. (The Huns being another proto-Turkish clan). [edit] Islamic Empires (710â€1218) [edit] Arab Caliphate (710â€867) The Age of the Caliphs Prophet Mohammad, 622-632 Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661 Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750 The Age of the Caliphs Prophet Mohammad, 622-632 Patriarchal Caliphate, 632-661 Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750 The Transoxiana realms never framed a practical alliance. Starting in 651 AD, the Arabs sorted out intermittent pillaging attacks profound into the domain of Transoxania, yet it was not until the arrangement of Ibn Qutaiba as Governor of Khorasan in 705 AD, during the rule of Walid I, that the Caliphate embraced the approach of adding the grounds past the Oxus. In 715 AD, the errand of addition was practiced. The whole area therefore went under the control of the Caliph and of Islam, yet the Arabs kept on administering through neighborhood Soghdian Kings and dihqans. The rising of the Abbasids to run the Caliphate (750 1258) opened another time throughout the entire existence of Central Asia. While their antecedents the Umayyads (661 750) were minimal more than pioneers of a free confederation of Arab clans, the Abbasids set out to assemble an enormous multi-ethnic unified express that would imitate and consummate the Sassanian government machine. They gave the Near East and Transoxiana a solidarity, which they had been missing since the hour of Alexander the Great. [edit] Samanid Empire (900â€999) For some years before the Arab intrusion, Central Asia was isolated into a wide range of areas, for example, the Kingdom of Merv, Sogdiana, Bactria, Khorezm, Badakhshan: the main special case was Kushan Empire that was currently diminished to parts of eastern Iran. Islam spread quickly in Transoxiana. The new religion was gotten generally by mainstream praise, for it guaranteed more noteworthy social portability and made great conditions for exchange. With Islam there came Arabic that turned into the language of Abbasid court. It should likewise have animated the development of the Modern Persian language (Dari), in which the portion of credit words from Arabic varied from 10 percent in the jargon of Rudaki (ninth to tenth hundreds of years) to 40 percent in the compositions of Baihaqi (eleventh century). All things considered, the volume of Arabic dictionary, its offer in the jargon of the Dari language remained incredibly high until the principal quarter of the nineteenth century. The Samanid administration that administered (819â€1005) in Khorasan (Eastern Iran) and Transoxiana was established by Saman Khuda . The Samanids were one of the principal absolutely indigenous traditions to administer in Persia following the Muslim Arab victory. Not until the reig

Drinking culture Essay

Liquor advertising is a worldwide marvel, where an undeniably modest number of organizations spend impressive entireties to set up and implant their brands in the lives and ways of life of populaces. Statistical surveying information offers knowledge into the size and degree of the worldwide liquor exchange, and the greatness of liquor publicizing uses. Ongoing instances of liquor promoting in an assortment of national settings delineate the procedures utilized by the worldwide organizations. The impacts of this showcasing on youngsters are portrayed in audits of ongoing examination concentrates on youth introduction to liquor promoting and the impacts of that presentation, interpretive models to clarify the impacts of liquor showcasing on youngsters, regardless of whether liquor publicizing targets youngsters, and appraisals of the viability of administrative limitations on advertising and different countermeasures. Regardless of the disappointment of general wellbeing examination to stay up with recently creating showcasing advances, there is a developing assortment of proof that liquor advertising impacts youthful people’s drinking conduct. Measures to decrease that effect ought to be considered by national governments trying to confine the general wellbeing trouble brought about by unsafe utilization of liquor. Watchwords: liquor, publicizing, youth, globalization, advertising. Creator ’ S NOTE : Support for improvement of a previous variant of this paper was given by the World Health Organization.  © 2010 by Federal Legal Publications, Inc. 58 GLOBAL ALCOHOL MARKETING From a general wellbeing viewpoint, liquor promoting matters. While there is colossal decent variety in the sorts of liquor accessible all through the world, from commonly created customary drinks to globalized mass purchaser items, the globalized refreshments assume a specific job. They are, of their embodiment, showcased items, and as such are frequently the most noticeable sign of mixed drinks in a general public. In this sense they lead the market for mixed refreshments, giving a moderate identification of support in western culture. As financial status ascends in a creating country, the probability of utilizing these items will in general increment, alongside western social direction (Eide, Acuda, and Roysamb, 1998). Globalized mixed drinks are marked items, and advantage from the most recent improvements in advertising innovation intended to insert the brand in the lives and psyches of the objective customers (Aaker, 1996). Marking and promoting information are basic to their globalization on the grounds that, as indicated by one specialist working from the point of view of the endurance of worldwide firms, â€Å"in non-science-based enterprises, for example, mixed refreshments .. . brands and advertising information as opposed to mechanical development are focal in clarifying the development and endurance of worldwide firms† (Lopes, 2003). Utilizing this showcasing information, the worldwide brands gain omnipresence through conventional media, sponsorships, and on-premise advancements, just as â€Å"new media†, for example, cell phones, podcasting, and the Internet. Both research on the wellbeing impacts of this showcasing movement and general wellbeing reactions to moderate those impacts are unable to stay aware of the industry’s pace of advancement. Given this circumstance, this article audits the shape and size of the worldwide gracefully of promoted mixed refreshments, depicts a portion of the structures this showcasing is taking in created and creating social orders, sums up look into on the impacts of that advertising, and afterward diagrams conceivable general wellbeing strategy reactions. 59 The worldwide liquor showcase: A diagram According to Impact Databank, a main statistical surveying firm serving the mixed refreshment industry, premium globalized (marked) spirits represent roughly 44% of the all out spirits items accessible around the globe (Banaag, 2009). The liquor business subsidized International Center for Alcohol Policies reports that marked lager represents in any event 38% of comprehensively accessible brew, and marked wine makes up at any rate 27% of the worldwide wine gracefully (International Center for Alcohol Policies, 2006). Worldwide estimation of the marked part is obscure; be that as it may, deals volume of a solitary marketâ€the United Statesâ€was evaluated at $154. 9 billion out of 2004 (Adams Beverage Group, 2005). Publicizing uses (on communicate, in print, and out-of-home) in that advertise in 2005 were $2 billion (Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, 2007b). As indicated by the U. S. Government Trade Commission, complete liquor showcasing consumptions in the United States are roughly twofold this figure, with the rest of on â€Å"unmeasured† advertising exercises, for example, sponsorships, item arrangements, grounds advancements, and point-ofpurchase promoting (Federal Trade Commission, 2008). As indicated by Adams Beverage Group, another industry statistical surveying firm, spirits and brew showcasing represent over 93% of estimated liquor publicizing costs in the United States. These two parts likely command in the remainder of the world also, and this segment will concentrate on the exercises of worldwide advertisers in these two classifications. Inside the worldwide lager and spirits ventures, few organizations command. Starting at 2007, 44. 9% of worldwide marked spirits were promoted by the ten biggest organizations, as appeared in Table 1. Significant levels of focus have been the standard in this fragment of the business since at any rate 1991 (Jernigan, 2009), through different floods of mergers that have expanded the size of the best five organizations (presently with a piece of the pie of around 36%) comparative with the remainder of the market. * 60 GLOBAL ALCOHOL MARKETING TABLE 1 Ten biggest worldwide refined spirits organizations, 2006 and 2007 *Not in the main 10 out of 2006. SOURCES: Impact Databank 2008a, Impact Databank, 2008c. TABLE 2 Ten biggest brewers, 1979/80 and 2007 *Not in the main 10 out of 1979/80. SOURCE: Cavanagh and Clairmonte, 1985; Impact Databank 2008b) 61 most of the piece of the overall industry for comprehensively marked lager, interestingly, has as of late amassed in the hands of the ten biggest brewers. The five driving brewers straightforwardly control the greater part of the worldwide market as assessed by Impact. Starting at 2008, thinking and consolidating proceed: InBev as of late gained Anheuser-Busch, which thus has the greater part proprietorship stake in Grupo Modelo yet doesn't have the board control, and which additionally claims 27% of Qingdao; while SABMiller converged with Molson Coors to frame MillerCoors. (Piece of the overall industry data after these mergers isn't accessible at this writingâ€Table 2 mirrors the latest information accessible. ) According to Advertising Age, six of these mixed refreshment makers are among the world’s 100 biggest sponsors (Wentz, 2007). As Table 3 shows, the spending of these organizations is intensely amassed in the United States and Europe. Worldwide promoting uses of these six organizations alone totaled more than $2 billion out of 2006. Publicizing Age’s figures are most likely not complete, and they don't include spending of entirely or lion's share possessed auxiliaries into the spending of the parent organization. The distribution gives information on promoting spending in 86 nations, however just gives the best 100 all around, and the main 10 spenders by nation. As appeared in Table 4, the main organizations or their auxiliaries are among the best 10 of every 15 of the 86 countriesâ€12 creating nations, one developing business sector, and two created countries. The state of contemporary liquor promoting As marked items, mixed refreshments assemble their characters with an intricate blend of advertising advancements. As a main showcasing scholar has composed, â€Å"The nearness of a brand (or even the mentalities held toward it) can serve to characterize an individual concerning others† so that the â€Å"brand turns into an exten-62 TABLE 3 GLOBAL ALCOHOL MARKETING World’s biggest mixed drink sponsors and their publicizing uses by locale, 2006 SOURCE: Wentz, 2007. Different incorporates Canada, Africa and the Middle East. TABLE 3 Alcohol advertisers among the ten biggest promoters in a nation, by area, 2006 63 SOURCE: Wentz. 2007. The Shape of Contemporary Alcohol Marketing. 64 GLOBAL ALCOHOL MARKETING sion or a necessary piece of the self† (Aaker, 1996). Advertisers achieve this expansion of oneself by implanting brands in the lives and ways of life of the objective purchasers, situating them as a basic piece of social and games, just as societies, ways of life, and even worth frameworks (Fleming and Zwiebach, 1999; Klein, 1999). The blend of advances utilized to achieve this incorporate conventional publicizing just as sponsorships, sweepstakes, couponing, item situation, new item improvement, purpose of-procurement materials and advancements, individual to-individual and viral advertising, appropriation and offer of marked product, and the utilization of new and developing innovations, for example, cell phones and the Internet. The promoting spending figures above are for conventional or â€Å"measured† publicizing movement alone. In this field, liquor showcasing increases gigantic introduction to the populace, both that of legitimate drinking ages and underneath that age. Analysts in China have evaluated that a city-staying youngster who watches a normal of 2 hours of night TV will see in excess of 900 liquor advertisements a year (Zhang, 2004). In Australia, a Curtin University examine bunch utilized publicizing industry information to look at the presentation of underage and youthful grown-up consumers to liquor promoting on TV. The analysts found that 13-to 17-year-olds were presented to a similar degree of liquor publicizing as 18-to 24-year-olds (the legitimate savoring age Australia is 18), and that 90% of liquor advertisements, generally for lager and premixed â€Å"alcopop† drinks, were screened when over 25% of the review crowd was underage (MacNamara, 2006).

Blog Archive MBA News WSJ Profiles Noteworthy Dings

Blog Archive MBA News WSJ Profiles Noteworthy Dings A few months ago, we started our “MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed” series to help calm the nerves of applicants, who can, at times, misdirect their energy. One of our myths, “Your MBA Program is the Sole Determinant of Your Future,” was reposted by the Ivey School of Business on its Facebook page and received warm comments from several aspiring MBAs.  And, this morning, the Wall Street Journal offered anecdotal evidence in its article “Before They Were Titans, Moguls and Newsmakers, These People WereRejected”,    via Warren Buffett and Paul Purcell (CEO of investment bank Robert W. Baird Co.), that it is indeed the person, not the school. Furthermore, via Scott McNealey, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, the Journal proves that  the statement that “Reapplicants Should Not Reapply” is a myth as well. Share ThisTweet Columbia University (Columbia Business School) News Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business) University of Chicago (Booth)

The Effects Of Police Brutality On The Relationship

Bad Blood: The Effects of Police Brutality on the Relationship Between Minorities and the Police Brandon Seigle June 16, 2017 CRJS 498 NC AT University ..................Column Break..................As children we are taught that not only are police officers our friends, but that their job is to protect and serve our communities. Unfortunately, for many minorities this image is shattered as incident after incident occurs in the streets of their communities. With today’s technology, these incidents are now on broadcast all over social media and television. As minorities watch people that look like them be killed or injured by those sworn to protect them, admiration and appreciation soon turns into anger, aggression and†¦show more content†¦As the use of these tactics continued, it became clear racial and ethnic minorities were stopped and questioned more often than non-minorities. This sanctioned use of racial profiling ended up finding its way into ordinary policing, not just drug busts. In fact, a California legislative report showed officers were going so far as to exclusively target Hispanic drivers. History has shown that not only is police brutality and profiling nothing new—especially to minorities—but it is also a problem that is unlikely to go away. Some research hypothesized that due to the dynamics of our society, such as social and emotional variables, fighting police brutality is a losing battle. In their writing, Malcolm Holmes and Brad Smith (2017) concluded â€Å"the social circumstances that shape the emotional responses characteristic of police-minority interactions seem to make certain adverse outcomes inescapable, given the structure of inequality in America.† Police brutality and its relationship with minority communities has been the center of research beginning with the Wickersham Commission in 1931. 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Business Process Reengineering And Erp Essay - 1646 Words

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Abnormal Psychology A Study Of Unusual Emotion, Thoughts...

Abnormal psychology is the study of unusual emotion, thoughts or behavior. It basically constitutes individual who are not what society would deem as normal and follow the norms of a particular culture. Individuals that are constantly not able to adapt and function properly in various conditions can be viewed as abnormal because a number of factors could be restricting them from functioning effectively in a society. The definition of what is â€Å"abnormal has changed over time, across different cultures, and is different for individuals within a particular culture. These unusual emotions, thoughts or behaviors may correlate with mental disorders. A distinct set of theories are used to understand these forms of abnormality. Psychopathology can be defined as the study of mental disorders. In more direct terms, it focuses on abnormal behavior, mental distress and mental illness. This form of study looks to examine different elements that would affect the mental state or physical bei ng of an individual. When looking at the subject matter of abnormality I can see that there are many books and movies that incorporate characters that demonstrate abnormal behaviors. A movie that consists of characters exhibiting abnormality throughout is Silver Linings Playbook. The movie Silver Lining Playbook portrays two primary characters, Pat Solitano and Tiffany Maxwell. Both of these characters have psychological disorders that they struggle with. Pat, who was a teacher, finds his wife inShow MoreRelatedAbnormal Psychology : A Study Of Unusual Emotion, Thoughts Or Behavior1443 Words   |  6 PagesAbnormal psychology is the study of unusual emotion, thoughts or behavior. It basically constitutes individual who are not what society would deem as normal and follow the norms of a particular culture. Individuals that are constantly not able to adapt and function properly in various conditions can be viewed as abnormal because a number of factors could be restricting them from functioning effectively in a society. The definition of what is abnormal has changed over time, across differentRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1161 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many branches in the world of psychology. There is the behavior psychology, also k nown as behaviorism, a leading theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Cognitive psychology, the branch of psychology that focuses on internal states, such as motivation, problem solving, decision making, thinking and attention. Development psychology, the branch that looks at development throughout the lifespan, from childhood to adulthood. Out of the manyRead MoreAbnormal Human Behavior946 Words   |  4 PagesIn reflecting on the above outlined competency, I found myself thinking, without the existence of abnormal human behavior, my life would not have been as interesting as it currently is. Throughout my adolescent years, primarily through observing others consistently, I was able to develop a profound interest and dedicated pensive thoughts into understanding the cognition and behaviors of human beings. As such, I would spend hours weekly, trying to understand why individuals think differently, seekRead MoreDonnie Darko/ Abn ormal Psycology762 Words   |  4 Pages Psychology 101/ Extra Credit April 28th, 2012 Donnie Darko/Abnormal Psychology Donnie Darko is a movie about a young teen that experienced many abnormal things in his life that are said to be associated with a psychological disorder. 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As the reader will see, normal and abnormal psychology as well as the mental disorders and illnesses are common issues that could happen to any person or affectRead MoreDevelopment Of Sexual And Abnormal Fetishes1419 Words   |  6 Pagesviewed as acceptable and others can be seen as abnormal based on societal standards. However, the unknown factor of these fetishes is whether they are innate or adapted throughout the course of life. The factors that make up the defining line between normal and abnormal fetishes are somewhat undetermined, however, it is interesting to study whether the causes of both share similarities in their development. These fetishes can create changes in social behavior, thinking and overall function. There isRead MoreMental Health Disorder Case Study1524 Words   |  6 Pagesdefined if the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia persist for a time period of one to six months. The positive symptoms basically consist of hallucinations and delusions. 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Financial Statement Of Airline Companies -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Statement Of Airline Companies? Answer: Introducation Impairment testing is conducted by Common wealth bank of Australia on annual basis whenever there is indication that assets recoverable amount are lower than their carrying value. Organization has assessed impairment testing related to intangible assets such as goodwill and brand name. For the purpose of impairment testing, allocation of goodwill is done to the cash-generating unit for comparing it to recoverable amount. Determination of recoverable amount is done based on fair value by deducting cost to sells (Commbank.com.au 2018). Moreover, assets with indefinite useful lives are tested for impairment. For conducting the impairment testing, organization allocated the goodwill to cash generating unit and does the computation of recoverable amount. Publicly available earnings multiples form the basis of calculation of recoverable amount. For determining the assessment of goodwill and other assets, recoverable amount of such assets are compared with carrying amount of individual cash generating unit or group of cash generating unit. Some of the indicators for impairment are as for equity securities that are classified as assets available for sale. An indication of impairment of any investment leads to testing of entire carrying amount of investment in any associate or joint venture by comparing the carrying amount with its recoverable amount (Commbank.com.au 2018). Commonwealth bank of Australia has recorded loan impairment expenses in both the financial year hat is 2017 and 2016 of amount $ 1095 million and $ 1256 million respectively. These figures depict that impairment expenses on loan have reduced in the current year indicating that there was 13% decrease in the expenses amount (Commbank.com.au 2018). The reason is attributable to the lower provisional banking in market and institutional and private banking. For determining the impairment of assets, organization relies on computation of recoverable amount using earnings multiple that is applicable to bank. Data on earning multiple are sourced from market and publicly available data. Assumption is made regarding price earning multiple that is observed from the business. Group conducts the revaluation of assumptions when there is any provision for change. Valuation techniques of assets are based on market value and are based on assumptions formed on market conditions (Commbank.com.au 2018). Process of impairment testing of Common wealth bank of Australia does not involve any considerable subjectivity as depicted from the analysis of financial report. The methodology of impairment testing is considerably influenced by involvement of subjectivity in the estimates and assumptions made by management of group. When subjectivity is considered, there then exists possibility of recoverable value being highly sensitive (Osei 2017). If the management of organization is acting opportunistically, then there can be manipulation in assets recoverable amount. Value in use computation, determinants of cash flows and value generated and there is a possibility that there will be substantial fluctuation in the assumed value because other external factors rather than exercising subjectivity (Commbank.com.au 2018). After conducting detailed analysis of annual report of Common wealth bank of Australia concerning impairment, it has been ascertained that the procedure adopted for impairment testing is a bit confusing. There has not been a segmented presentation of impairment and information considering the impairment of various is presented in a segregated way. It has been ascertained from the evaluation of financial report of banking group that organizations make provision related to impairment of all financial assets. Receivables and loans are assessed collectively for impairment is done on collectively basis. Bank has employed expected credit loss model as per AASB 9 that has lead to replacement of existing incurred loss model (Commbank.com.au 2018). Impairment provisions are raised for the amount that is adequate to cover losses related to credit and when there is any existence of objective evidence. Bank has employed an approach of fair value measurement for measurement of financial liabilities and assets through income statement. Financial instruments, derivative instruments and all investments that are available for sale are measured at fair value. One of the best indicators of financial instruments that are recognized initially and the fair value is also estimated in computation of impairment of assets. Trading assets are asses using fair value that take into account credit risks (Commbank.com.au 2018). Under the lease standard IAS 17, investors assessing the financial position of organization concerning leases will not be able to get true and fair view presentation. This is because of the critics associated with the existing standard as it makes the classification between financing and operating leases. Balance sheet profiles of companies do not reflect the actual amount of debt that company currently owes (Edeigba and Amenkhienan 2017). It is so because this standard does not obliges company to disclose operating lease in their balance sheet and most of them select to treat lease as operating lease rather than financing lease. Therefore, the existing lease standard does not reflect economic reality. It has been estimated by the accounting standard that is IASB out of total amount of commitment attributable to leases of worth 3.3 million, only 25% of lease appear on balance sheet (Sandblom and Strandberg 2015). One of the objectives of presentation of financial report is to provide users with the information that helps in making economic decision. Under the existing standard, there is possibility that there will be unfaithful classification of leasing transactions. Investors are required to make rough estimation and calculations for computing lease commitment and brining them on balance sheets. Operating lease is also a type of liabilities but they are not represented on balance sheet but in actual sense, there is a liability that is more than total amount debt reported (Demir and Bas 2017). This explains why the debt reported on balance sheet is 66 times less than off balance sheet liabilities. Controversy associated with existing standard regarding the leases classification into operating and financing lease explains why there is no level playing field between some airline companies. Airline companies either leases most of their aircraft fleets or they finance that is buy the fleets. It would indicate that the financial position of such organizations is different, but in reality, there might not be any difference in their financial position and they are identical (Nobes 2015). Various flaws associated with the new lease accounting standard are responsible for making it unpopular among everyone. New standard would be focusing on capitalization of operating lease that would increase the balance sheets and debt structure of companies. Companies in receiving credit have also raised concerns and there is a possibility of violation of debt covenants. Adoption of standard will lead to hundred percent of balance sheets and this will require them to renegotiate debt covenants and exclusion of lease agreements. There would be increased administrative burden on part of management and increased cost of reporting that is making companies hesitant to adopt this standard (Czajor and Michalak 2017). There will be alterations in the system of control process, increased consultation fees, educational efforts and process of IT. Moreover, organizations are required to make an estimation of detail relating to right to lease liabilities and assets. Implementation of new standard will help in facilitating the comparison between the financial statements of different companies. This standard will help in addressing the unfaithful presentation of lease accounting. Investors will not be required to make any rough computation and estimation of bringing back leases into balance sheets. Investors will be informed in a better way because of transparency of information relating to leases. Accounting model of organization will be altered and will benefit organizations in providing detailed information concerning leases and therefore investors will be informed and take into account the benefits that would arrive (Morales and Zamora 2018). Decision relating to leased will improved and allocation of capital will improve. Therefore, organization adopting this standard will lead to a more balanced lease versus buy decisions on part of management. References list: Commbank.com.au. (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/content/dam/commbank/about-us/shareholders/pdfs/annual-reports/annual_report_2017_14_aug_2017.pdf [Accessed 23 Jan. 2018]. Czajor, P. and Michalak, M., 2017. Operating Lease Capitalization-Reasons and its Impact on Financial Ratios of WIG30 and sWIG80 Companies.Przedsi?biorczo i Zarz?dzanie,18(1, cz. 1 Practical and Theoretical Issues in Contemporary Financial Management), pp.23-36. Demir, Z. and Bas, E., 2017. THE EFFECT OF TAS 17 LEASING STANDARD AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW IFRS 16 LEASES STANDARD ON THE AIRLINE COMPANIES.PressAcademia Procedia,3(1), pp.153-173. Edeigba, J. and Amenkhienan, F., 2017. The Influence of IFRS Adoption on Corporate Transparency and Accountability: Evidence from New Zealand.Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal,11(3), pp.3-19. Karwowski, M., 2016. The risk in using financial reports in the study of airline business models.Journal of Air Transport Management,55, pp.185-192. Morales-Daz, J. and Zamora-Ramrez, C., 2018. IFRS 16 (leases) implementation: Impact of entities' decisions on financial statements.Aestimatio, (17), pp.60-97. Nobes, C., 2015. IFRS Ten Years on: Has the IASB Imposed Extensive Use of Fair Value? Has the EU Learnt to Love IFRS? And Does the Use of Fair Value make IFRS Illegal in the EU?.Accounting in Europe,12(2), pp.153-170. Osei, E., 2017. THE FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD (FASB), AND THE INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD (IASB) SINGS SIMILAR TUNE: COMPARING THE ACCOUNTING TREATMENT OF NEW IFRS 16 WITH THE IAS 17, AND THE NEW FASB MODEL ON LEASES.Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research,13(1). Sacarin, M., 2017. IFRS 16 Leasesconsequences on the financial statements and financial indicators.The Audit Financiar journal,15(145), pp.114-114. Sandblom, P. and Strandberg, A., 2015. The Value Relevance of the Proposed New Leasing Standard. An event study of the European Stock Markets Reaction to the proposed replacement of IAS17. You, J., 2017.The Impact of IFRS 16 Lease on Financial Statement of Airline Companies(Doctoral dissertation, Auckland University of Technology).